Political Cooperation Through History

Human beings are created with the natural ability to cooperate with each other. This cooperation happens either consciously or unconsciously and can be formal or informal. The ability of human beings to cooperate makes it possible for governments to interrelate with citizens. Without this cooperation, human societies would have been characterized by a state of anarchy, misrule, lack of order and the end result would be gross violation of the natural rights and liberties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Cooperation Through History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is worth mentioning that human beings are entitled to have certain rights and privileges which are natural, should be enjoyed freely and should be protected from any form of violation. Therefore, everybody has the right to do what pleases him or her and also the right and responsibility to respect the others’ rights. It could be mentio ned that rights exist as shared norms and underscore the importance of treating all human beings with dignity, fairness and equality irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. These rights and entitlements are supported by moral reasoning and legal basis both at national and international levels. The first ideas about human rights emerged after the World War II when the universal declaration of human rights was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 (Chandler, 2002). Politics has been defined as the competition for resources. It also refers to ways in which national resources are distributed, i.e. who gets what, when and how. The resources include political power, financial and natural resources. In essence, politics is a way in which governments are formed and also a way in which leaders are nominated or elected to office. According to Aristotle, man is both a social and political animal. This means that politics is a way of life and, thus, we as human beings cannot do without po litics. All human societies have various forms of governments examples of which include monarchs, single party rule, multiparty rule, tyranny and dictatorships. In general, the concept of politics implies cooperation between the rulers and the ruled, the government and the governed. The rulers are the leaders who are in charge of running the government. These leaders come to office in different ways depending on the type of government. According to the social contract theory and as formulated by Rousseau, the relationship between governments and people is based on a social agreement in which people agree to surrender some of their rights in exchange of protection by their government (Rousseau, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory conceptualizes the relationship between a government and people as a symbiotic kind of relationship which is characterized by a give-an d-take kind of exchange. As per this theory, the government has the responsibility of offering social, political, environmental and religious security to people. In return, people have the responsibility of obeying the laws, being loyal to the government and the country and facilitating the government with revenues in form of taxes. National security entails the government’s mandate to protect its citizens from any threat to peace, either internal or external. So, any government is supposed to do whatever it deems necessary to protect its citizens from any threats. Civil liberties are entitlements of a country’s citizens. They are rights and freedoms which citizens are provided with by constitutional documents. It must be stated that they include freedoms of speech, religion, movement, right to privacy, and right to own property among other rights and freedoms as may be provided in a constitution or in international treaty provisions. These two issues of national secur ity and civil liberties have however been controversial in that the government is supposed to protect the citizens as well as respect their civil liberties (Robert, 2004). With the advent of terrorism, and especially after September 11 terrorist attacks, the US government has faced the challenge of balancing the two issues of national security and civil liberties, with the question of how far the citizens may go in compromising some of their civil liberties in order to be protected by the government. On one side, the government is supposed to protect its citizens against terrorism, while on the other side, it is supposed to respect the liberties of the citizens. When the citizens are left to exercise their liberties, in some cases they may abuse them by committing terrorist acts because when the government interferes with civil liberties of the citizens in an effort to protect them, it may end up violating some people’s rights. In this way the issue is controversial. However, the fact remains that civil liberties should be seen as the primary security which citizens should expect from the government (Robert, 2004). The argument that citizens should compromise or sacrifice some of their civil liberties has got both positive and negative sides. The positive side is that the government is able to have the convenience of operating without any legal or technical challenges in protecting the citizens. It is able to do what it considers necessary to combat any terrorist acts or threats to peace. For example, the former US president Georg W. Bush in 2001 signed the USA Patriotic Act into law (Michael, 2002). The Act required the American citizens to make some sacrifices regarding some of their civil liberties like the right to privacy in internet communications. This was done to help the FBI trace and identify any premeditated terrorist attacks and take the necessary measures, all in the name of protecting the citizens (Michael, 2002).Advertising We will w rite a custom essay sample on Political Cooperation Through History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The negative side is that this encroachment of the government into people’s lives and freedoms is subject to abuse by the government. For instance, some Muslim citizens in America were subjected to unnecessary frisking, interrogation and screening by the government in its â€Å"war against terrorism† which amounted to racial discrimination. There was also the issue of the Guantanamo prison in which those suspected to be terrorists were locked up before trial. The problem was that the American government had violated the rights of the suspects in that they were locked in the cells for a very long time without trial, which was against the bill of rights in the American constitution and the Geneva Convention talking on human rights. The interception of mails and emails by the FBI and the eavesdropping on people’s conv ersations, especially lawyers and their clients, were not only unethical but also amounted to violation of civil liberties (Robert, 2004). According to John Locke, governments and people cooperate through taxation. For the government to get funds to run its affairs, it needs to tax people. This is considered as a legitimate means of attaining cooperation. The cost involved in taxation is the loss of ones’ resources through taxation. However, this cost is worth given that it leads to protection of the remaining resources after taxation. One may consider a situation whereby people may decide not to pay taxes to their government. In turn, the government would not have resources to pay the security personnel. Consequently, anarchy would prevail and people would end up losing all their resources and to some extend their lives due to insecurity. Taxation is therefore not only a justifiable means of cooperation between citizens and the government but is also inevitable for any gover nment to be stable. As mentioned earlier, various countries have different forms of governments. Among all the government types, democracy is best suited for cooperation between people and governments. This is caused by the fact that in a democracy people elect their best choices of leaders to represent them in the government, which comprises three major arms namely the legislature, the judiciary and the executive branch. The legislative arm of government is responsible for making laws to govern the country and people. Since the legislators are chosen by people through a popular vote, then the laws which they make are deemed to be made by the entire population and in this way, people are presumed to be governing themselves. The judicial arm of government is responsible for interpreting the laws and settling any disputes in the conflict of the laws. It is also responsible for the prosecution of those who violate the law. With democracy, the rights of individuals are protected. Democr acy is not only suited for the protection of individual rights and freedoms but also for the protection of the general rights of the entire population within a country.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Chandler, David. (ed.) .2002. Rethinking Human Rights: Critical Approaches to International Politics. Palgrave: Macmillan. Michael, McCarthy. 2002. Recent Developments: USA Patriotic Act. Web. Robert, Davis.2004. Striking the Balance: National Security vs. Civil Liberties. Web. Rousseau, Jean.J.2004. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. McKeesport, PA: Kessinger Publishing. This essay on Political Cooperation Through History was written and submitted by user Aaden Mcdaniel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Useful Vocabulary for a Job Interviews and Résumés

Useful Vocabulary for a Job Interviews and Rà ©sumà ©s During the job interviewing process its important to use verbs that precisely describe your duties and responsibilities at your present and past positions. The following list provides verbs that are both precise and commonly used in an English-speaking workplace. These verbs are used to express responsibilities and tasks performed throughout an applicants professional career.   Great Action Words  for Your Rà ©sumà © A Verb Example Sentence accomplished I've accomplished a lot in my current position. acted She's acted as head of the department. adapted I adapt to team working situations easily. administered I administered four committees. advanced I've advanced many new ideas. advised I advised management on purchasing decisions. allocated I allocated resources on a weekly basis. analyzed I analyzed financial data. applied I applied my knowledge to workflow. approved I approved new products for manufacturing. arbitrated I arbitrated for Fortune 500 companies. arranged I arranged meetings. assisted I assisted the CEO. attained I attained the highest level of certification. B-C Verb Example Sentence blended I blended traditional approaches with new insights. brought I brought a team player sensibility to the job. built We built more than 200 homes. carried out I carried out a wide range of duties. cataloged I cataloged our company's library. collaborated I've collaborated with more than fifty clients. completed I completed the highest level of the training. conceived I've conceived of numerous products. conducted I conducted telephone surveys. constructed I constructed prototypes for marketing. consulted I've consulted on a wide range of issues. contracted I've contracted with large and small businesses. controlled I controlled more than $40,000,000. cooperated I cooperated successfully on more than team projects. coordinated I coordinated between sales and marketing departments. corrected I edited and corrected company brochures. counseled I counseled clients on insurance policies. created I created more than twenty advertising campaigns. D-E Verb Example Sentence dealt I've dealt with a wide variety of issues. decided I've decided I need to further my career. decreased I decreased spending while improving profits. delegated I've delegated tasks on a number of projects. detected I detected a number of mistakes. developed I developed an invention. devised I devised a plan to improve profits. directed I directed the sales department. discovered I discovered the reason. distributed We distributed throughout the country. documented I documented company policies. doubled We doubled profits in only two years. edited I edited company communications. encouraged We encouraged research and development. engineered I engineered a wide range of applications. enlarged I enlarged our community outreach. escalated We escalated the problems to the director. established I established company guidelines. estimated I estimated future costs. evaluated I evaluated investment opportunities. examined I examined sites for pollution. expanded I expanded our sales to Canada. experienced We experienced difficulties meeting the deadline. explored We explored a wide range of possibilities. F-L Verb Example Sentence facilitated I facilitated an exchange of ideas between the companies. finalized I finalized projections for the year. formulated I formulated answers to the questions. founded I've founded two companies. functioned I functioned as a liaison between management and employees. guided I guided operations through the process. handled I handled customer complaints. headed I headed an exploratory committee. identified I identified issues and reported back to management. implemented I implemented company plans. improved I improved the feedback process. increased We increased sales by over 50%. initiated I initiated investments into the latest technology. inspected We inspected more than two hundred companies. installed I installed air-conditioning units. introduced We introduced innovate products. invented The company invented double-sided tape. investigated I investigated customer complaints. led I led the sales department to its best year. M-P Verb Example Sentence maintained I maintained the company database. managed I've managed more than five hundred employees. moderated I moderated negotiations between the two companies. negotiated I negotiated a better deal for the company. operated I've operated heavy machinery. organized I've organized many projects. performed I performed as company clerk. pioneered We pioneered new sound technologies. planned I planned company retreats. prepared I prepared documents for management. presented I presented at many conferences. programmed I programmed the company database. promoted I promoted employees in human resources. provided We provided feedback to management. purchased I purchased materials for the company. R-Z Verb Example Sentence recommended I recommended cutbacks at the company. recorded I recorded notes during meetings. recruited We recruited the best talent. redesigned I redesigned company workflow. repaired I repaired watches for a few years. replaced I replaced the director after only six months. restored I restored the company to profitability. reversed We reversed the trend and grew. reviewed I reviewed company documents and made recommendations. revised I revised figures at the end of each quarter. screened I screened applicants during job interviews. selected I selected employees and assigned tasks. serviced We serviced all the buses in the area. set up I set up four branches. stimulated I stimulated discussion between departments. strengthened We strengthened sales abroad. summarized I summarized complex ideas so everyone could understand. supervised I supervised two teams on the project. supported I supported management with research. tested I tested a number of devices in the field. trained I trained employees. transformed We transformed the company in a short time. upgraded We upgraded our IT infrastructure. validated I validated customer claims. Use these verbs to really sell yourself. You only have a few minutes to show how good you really are. Using this precise vocabulary and being confident can help you make the best impression possible.

Teaching the Life Skills in Special Education

Teaching the Life Skills in Special Education Here is a list of life skills that students/children with developmental delays should be taught once they are able to learn them: Personal InformationName, address, telephone numbers, location of their paper identification, contact information. Sign InformationSigns in the community: Stop, men, women, no smoking, out of order, no loitering,exit, detour, pedestrian crossing, yield, no dogs etc. Important LabelsFlammable, poison, harmful, out of reach of children, high voltage. Knobs, dials, buttons, switches:TV, radio, stove, toasters, washer/dryer, microwave, taps, scales, handles etc. Application FormsSurname, occupation, signatures, initials, references. Finding InformationDictionaries, catalogues, internet, phonebooks, 911, location of important information etc. LabelsPrescription labels, direction labels, recipes, index, table of contents, shopping directories, calendars, important dates, holidays etc. Store TypesGrocery, laundry, hardware, drug store, restaurants, specialty, hairdresser/barber, recreation centres etc. LiteracyThank you cards, basic letters, invitation RSVPs, envelope addresses Basic LawsTraffic signs and signals, no smoking, speed limits, vandalism, noise bylaws, loitering etc. BankingAccount management, debit card use, deposits and withdrawals, writing cheques, understanding statements MoneyIdentification, change, values, coins, paper and equivalencies TimeTelling time, being on time, understanding the difference between analog and ditital, alarm clock settings, times for work, meals and sleep These are just some of the important life skills that students with developmental delays will need to be taught. Some individuals will be capable of learning more of the basic skills than others. However, these basic life skills are an important part of their curriculum. Many activities can be done to help support the learning of these activites - it may take some creativity and hands on experiences.

Was Plutarco really a person as history describes or a person Almada Essay

Was Plutarco really a person as history describes or a person Almada depicted in her documentary, El General Did Almada personalize to examine her controversial ancestor, Plutarco Calles - Essay Example The contrast lies in the sense that while history portrays him as the Puppet President, the one who has Catholic blood on his hands, the one who deceived many to make his way through, on the other hand, Almada portrays him to be reasonable, logical and nonetheless ‘humane’ in contrast to popular opinion. One will have to explore facts and indulge in an in-depth study in this context to be fair in an analysis, and to explore as to which side of the story holds more truthful value. The paper aims at exploring the mainstream history books popular not just in Mexico but rather in the world. The study will focus on how Plutarco is portrayed and perceived in the world, also how the opinion has been altered. Furthermore, the opinions will be contrasted with data from the documentary produced by Almada who is Calles` great grand-daughter. This data will reflect how a daughter perceived her father, i.e. the firsthand account of someone who was directly associated with the much co ntroversial figure. Thus, based on the analysis, contrasts would be made to predicate how history is de-shaped and de-framed by the historians. Calles is essentially portrayed as someone who was deeply indulged in a power struggle throughout his life, which poses certain paradoxes. He is perceived as a rather controversial yet revolutionary figure, a President who failed to deliver his promises, deported priests on a massive scale, destroyed covenants, closed Catholic schools while he was facing a huge scaled rebellion. However, he sent his daughter to the United States, and that too to study at a Catholic school. This poses a question-mark over the issue i.e. if he hated Catholics such deeply, why would he want his daughter to be indulged in an education purely based on those values he abhorred. Historically, Calles was many things, portrayed by mainstream history, i.e. a school teacher, a Guaymas native, someone who went as far as to become

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership - Research Paper Example art U.S., â€Å"should work with OUR Wal-Mart to improve jobs at our company so that we have an opportunity to join the middle class, strengthen our company’s bottom line and improve our nation’s economy† (Ausick, 2014, para 2). This paper discusses Wal-Mart’s problem in ethical leadership, and proposes and defends solution to this dilemma. The proposed solutions are ethically grounded and based on principles of social justice and quality of life. OUR Wal-Mart publicly specified three issues that the former Wal-Mart leader, Bill Simon, failed to address: weakening brand image, dropping sales, and low wages. The organization refers to a research by Demos-- a public policy research institute-- that reported a higher wage rate for full-time workers of retail corporations that hire thousands of employees could significantly improve the quality of life of hundreds of thousands of women and their families (Tepel, 2014). The worsening performance of Wal-Mart U.S. has also been observed by some professional groups, and they claimed that Simon’s use of smaller stores was not the appropriate solution. The organization also mentions a survey of consumers that reveals â€Å"Wal-Mart’s pay and treatment of workers are influencing shopping habits† (Reuters, 2014, para 2). The poll revealed that a quarter of the overall number of the company’s most loyal customers is disappointed by how Wal-Mart handles its emplo yees, and that they, consequently, avoid shopping at the stores (Reuters, 2014, para 2-3). Although Wal-Mart’s terrible business practices have been known for several years, workers were not inclined to protest against it; but OUR Wal-Mart changes it. Since these courageous employees are not unionized, they were risking their jobs by protesting. In 2012, Wal-Mart publicly announced $444 billion in profits. Robson Walton, the successor of Wal-Mart, received roughly $420 million in 2011, while the company’s employees receive a meager annual salary of $15,500

A Film Analysis Of An Inconvenient Truth Politics Essay

A Film Analysis Of An Inconvenient Truth Politics Essay The film chosen for the analysis is An Inconvenient Truth. This is a documentary film made in 2006, directed by Davis Guggenheim and presented by Al Gore, the former Vice-President of USA and a US presidential Candidate. The film deals about global warming and climate change and it presents and explains to the public a crisis that impacts and will impact us all. This film, although not a Canadian production, was chosen for several reasons. First climate change and global warming is a global issue, affecting all people on Earth, regardless of their nationality, religion or social status. It is also a Canadian issue because Canada is a part of this global community but it also a Canadian issue because of very specific environment in the north of this country. Also, Canada is one of the biggest polluters in the world and is ranked amongst the dirty dozen: the twelve biggest producers of greenhouse gases. Second, climate change has in the last couple of years become a very important poli tical issue. The issue of global warming and other environmental issues have been widely discussed in the Canadian press while the politicians have been increasingly debating this topic. Since the public awareness about the climate change has grown (partly because of this film!), Canadian voters have made the environment a very important, if not the most important issue in deciding which party to vote for. Third, climate change and global warming have been in the center of media attention because of Canadas recent withdrawal from the Kyoto protocol. Also the Conservative governments decision to develop a national plan for the reduction of the greenhouse emissions (instead of joining the international effort) additionally raised public attention Stephen Harpers government claims that the Kyoto commitment would be too disruptive to Canadas economy, and hence the change. Finally, the global warming theorists have responded to the documentary with their counter argument; some are good, and others are weak. The proposal of this essay is to attempt to present both sides; what is presented in the film documentary, how it is debunked by supporters of the global warming theory, and what information presented in the documentary and in the response can be debunked; and what is left after the debunking. What science remains after applying science to both arguments? The film follows Al Gores lectures to mass audiences on global warming and climate change. As Mr. Gore states himself, he has given the lecture a thousand times in cities all over the world. To an average person a retired politician giving a lecture on a complex science issue may seem like something that one would probably sleep through. Yet, Gore is very passionate on the subject; the lecture is very well conceived, prepared and presented. In the film the lecture is combined with dramatic images and facts thus giving it a feeling like a good action movie. Gore is eloquent, funny and entertaining. The facts are presented in a very simple yet extraordinarily effective manner. The lecture as well as the film is most likely aimed at people who know little about this issue. However, even those who believe to know a lot may still be in for several surprises. For example, I was shocked to find out that US cars couldnt be sold in China since they do not meet the Chinese environmental standa rds! In fact, Chinese mileage standards are better than the mileage standards in Canada. An Inconvenient Truth is an excellent film, primarily because it manages to get its message across. For the first time, global warming has become a mainstream issue and everybody is talking about it. Even those who criticize the film and call it a lie are nevertheless thinking about it and acting on it. The issues of global warming, climate change and their relationship with the increase of greenhouse gases are not new. In fact as Mr. Gore states in the film, the evidence that there is an increase in CO2 levels in the global atmosphere has been around since the early 1960s. Despite this fact a controversy around this issue arose in past decades. Some sources claimed that the increase in the concentration of green house gases is not a product of human activity at all but is rather a natural process. However, this controversy was not created by the scientific community. There is no doubt amongst scientists that the current global warming is caused by human activities. They have also pr esented a range of effects that we can expect to occur. The controversy is a political creation perpetrated by popular press. As Mr. Gore eloquently tells us, there is no controversy about these facts. Out of 925 recent articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals about global warming, 0% said that that the causes of global warming are uncertain. The success and the impact of the film can be attributed to many dramatic images that are used to show the effects of global warming and which the creators use to punctuate the facts they are presenting. A good example is a photograph of Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya, Africa. The film begins and ends with image of the Earth, landscapes, seas, lakes and sunsets. The first photo is from the 1970 and then several follow up until 2005. Each show an increasing and alarming reduction of snow and ice at the peak of the mountain with the progression of time. On the last photograph there is hardly any snow. The emotional impact is heightened with dramatic images of New Orleans after the hurricane Katrina. The hurricane was directly linked to climate change and global warming because one of the effects of global warming are more severe storms. Another segment which was chosen to touch US viewers was the one in which Mr. Gore discusses the fate of certain low-lying regions in the worst-case event of melted icecaps raising the sea-level by twenty some feet. The film does a nice job also of giving some perspective to Mr. Gores passion. He talks openly and emotionally about his son being hit by a car at the age of six, and how thinking he was going to lose his beloved child made him reconsider his priorities and what he was doing with his life. The emotion of two other events in Mr. Gores life and how they inspired his environmental activism also come across in the film: his defeat in Florida to Bush, the death of his sister, a lifelong smoker, from lung cancer and the fact that his family farmed tobacco and didnt stop until after her death. However, these are very briefly covered but still are an important piece of the story. Furthermore, Mr. Gores presentation is very straightforward, simple and precise. He gives it flavour by adding jokes, literary quotes and by using a sleek, savvy and sophisticated power-point slide show. These details make up for the lack of literally any other person addressing the audience. Al Gore and the makers of this film go to great lengths to emphasize that the problem of global warming and the issues related to climate change as well as the urgency of the need to do something about it should not be political issues. To Mr. Gore this issue is so important and the potential consequences so dire that it is necessary to put aside all political differences and to go beyond politics. Yet in the film, the authors cannot help but criticize the Republican Party for their attitude towards the environment. The scenes in New Orleans after Katrina link the consequences of the current US Administrations lack of action against global warming with the Administrations failure to act and help the people of New Orleans after the hurricane. There is a scene in which two Republican Presidents are commenting on global warming as a non-issue, an attitude that seems ridiculous at best. To Mr. Gore global warming and its consequence go beyond politics and borders: it is a moral issue. If we do not do something to stop it we will be acting unethically. Nevertheless, he does not steer clear of politics. He compares our current attitude of doing almost nothing against global warming to the attitude of world powers in the 1930s while the Nazi were rising to power in Germany. Although it should not be a political issue because global warming is a fact and not an opinion or one partly or the other, nevertheless it is clear that it is now exactly a political issue. People are divided amongst two groups. In the first group are those who agree that global warming is taking place, that it is caused by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and that it is causing dire consequences. In the second group are those who believe that the current global warming is a natural occurrence and that it is not caused by human activity and that therefore nothing needs to be done about it. The first group are usually liberal, environmentalists; the second group are people in the oil and automobile industry, conservatives, Republicans. Hence, in this way global warming and problems surrounding it actually become a political issue. Mr. Gore states in the documentary that he wants to reach as many people as possible one city at a time. However it is more likely that p eople who share views with him will be the ones that will watch the film. Those who oppose them, will not want to see it. Yet the film will also reach those that are undecided or more importantly know little or nothing about global warming. Some may know a little bit about global warming but be unaware of the far-reaching consequences it may have on the global climate. It is these people that the movie is targeting. The main message of the first movie is that global warming is real and is happening, that humans play a significant role in what is happening, and if we continue to neglect what is happening the future could bring catastrophe on a global scale. What Mr. Gore and the authors of the film are doing is simply offering up the growing mountain of scientific evidence that backs this argument to as many people as possible in a simple and approachable fashion. The idea of the film, much like the idea behind Mr. Gores lectures is to inform as many ordinary people as possible. Global warming has become a political issue, although as Mr. Gore argues it is an issue that goes beyond politics. The political aspect cannot be ignored particularly because of Mr. Gore political history and because the USA is currently all but ignoring the topic of global warming. The film documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle (2007), by director Martin Durkin, features some of the worlds and certainly the United States most highly credible and respected scientists in a discussion on global warming. The scientists are taking the position that global warming is occurring, but that it is more scientifically seen as the natural forces of nature as opposed to the man-made greenhouse gasses or CO2 put into the atmosphere by mankind. Their argument about global warming as a natural occurrence is compelling, and convincing. At the foundation of this argument, which has garnered great support, including celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, and political force, like former Vice President Al Gore who has made a film about mans abuse of fossil fuels; is the notion that global warming is bringing about climate change that is responsible for everything from the melting of the icebergs at the north pole, to tidal waves and hurricanes (Gore, A., An Inconvenient Truth, 2006, motion-picture). In response to the allegations that mankind and, especially, that CO2 regardless of who put it into the air; mankind, plants, the residual of the decaying plant and life processes. A group of scientists, including highly respected Professor Tim Ball, of the University of Winnipeg; Professor Niv Shaviv, University of Jerusalem; Professor Ian Clark, University of Ottawa; Professor John Christy of the University of Alabama and lead author International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Professor Philip Stott, University of London; Professor Richard Lindzen, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and others from Harvard and other highly respected universities around the world. Have come together on film, loaded with scientific information which, if it does not refute mankinds responsibility for global warming, at least demonstrates that there is a lack of scientific evidence to support that contention. Because it is highly controversial, and because these scientists have taken the unpopular position of anti-CO2; they have now been called names like heretic and have even been the subjects of death threats because of their outspokenness. It is not, they emphasize, to be unpopular to contrary to a popular notion, but to refute bad science, they say, that they come together in this way to present the other side, the scientific side, of global warming that is not found in Al Gores very popular film on mankind generated global warming, An Inconvenient Truth (2006). Anytime a cause has the huge special interest of the environmentalists, responsible for preventing exploitation of fossil fuels in the pristine Alaskan range; and add to that mix the celebrity of Hollywood and the political clout of the man from whom the 2000 presidential election was stolen from, Al Gore, then you have an emotional, but highly powered, or fueled, group of advocates. It is not that their goal of alternative fuels is not an admirable goal; only, contend the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, that it is, at best, bad science, and, at worst, responsible for keeping the third world nations in the dark because of their support and influence in preventing development or industrialization in third world nations. Carbon dioxide, the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, contend, has always had a fluctuating presence in the earths atmosphere, and that it is a relatively small amount in the atmosphere. The data, they contend, shows that there is a surface warming of a slight level, but no atmospheric warming. The recent warming of the earth, they contend, happened in the early part of the 20th century, and, if the CO2 theory were valid, it would be reflected in the data that shows that the most significant increase in human generated CO2. Professor Ian Clark has examined ice samples going back thousands of years, but that link between CO2 and the weather, but that the CO2 levels lag behind the temperature increase by 800 years. So when the temperature rises, behind it, consistent with historical data, the CO2 rises. The most fundamental assumption of climate changes because of CO2 is proven wrong, the scientists say. In fact, that the CO2 increases in the atmosphere is more easily proven scientifically to be consistent with global cooling, than global warming. Other natural bodies, like the oceans, are the source of CO2 than is the modern technology of mankind.The scientists say that the global warming, now, is a result of coming out of a mini-ice age, and that during that time, which predates modern civilization, the temperatures were much cooler than those times going back to the little medieval period, when in fact the temperatures were much higher than temperatures today, and during a period when mankind could not have had any responsibility for putting CO2 into the atmosphere. It is not, these scientists contend, CO2 that drives climate change. They do agree that climate change is occurring, that the global warming is occurring; but that it is more related to the activity of the sun, solar flares, solar winds that pass close to the earth, than mankinds generating CO2 into the atmosphere. It is important to understand that these scientists do not disagree that there is a need to find alternative fuel sources, or that environmental conscientiousness is a good thing; they do, however, adamantly maintain that they cannot stand back as scientists and allow to be put out as fact and good science, when in fact it is not.

Organizational Ethics Issue Resolution Paper Essay

This paper aims to describe an ethical issue and apply it to six ethical decision making steps namely issue clarification, stakeholder analysis, values identification, issue resolution, addressing objections and resolution implementation. Main Body The ethical issue that will be discussed is giving out unacceptable levels of air and water pollution during the production process by an organization’s factories. In order to effectively resolve the issue, the organization needs to change its production processes so that its social cost is not that high and at the same time the organization will profit from it. Issue Clarification The first step in resolution of organizational ethics issue is to properly defining the problem in detail and discussing it with all the related members of the organization. The definition must be clear, specific and based on the best available information. Then all the people who are getting affected by this issue must be identified. Once this is done, the consequences of this issue must be discussed in detail. Another very important matter that must be dealt with is information needs. This will help the organization understand the nature of the issue at hand. Lastly, the importance of solving this issue must be evaluated so that it can be given a priority. (Michigan State University Extension, 1994) In our case, the issue at hand is pollution. The company’s factories give out a lot of smoke in the atmosphere and also the rivers and canals around the factories are being contaminated by the dumping of chemical waste in them. Because of the rising problem of global warming, air pollution is an issue of great concern. The water from the rivers and canals around the factory is not usable any more. The dumping of chemical waste in the river waters has resulted in no clean water for the housing societies in the locality. After seeing all this, a lot of Non Government Organizations have suggested measures that will reduce the pollution that is given out. In addition to this, the government is also planning on imposing laws that will limit the amount of pollution that is given out. Organizations that give out pollution above the acceptable level will be heavily taxed. Those involved and who are affected include the people of the neighborhood, environmentalist, government and the society as a whole. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis is a process in which the Stakeholders are defined and their importance in the whole decision making process is evaluated. Stakeholders are all those groups that will affect and get affected by an organization’s decisions. Examples include government, community, employees, shareholders etc. In order to resolve organizational ethics issue effectively, it is absolutely essential for an organization to win support from these groups. There are four steps to how this procedure must be carried out. First of all, your stakeholders must be identified. Secondly, you will prioritize them and next the organization will attempt to understand their most important stakeholders (MindTools, 2008). Lastly, all the support that we can get from these stakeholders will be assessed and ways to reduce opposition from some of them will also be considered. The stakeholders involved in our case will be the public, senior executives, press, government and non-government organizations, customers, prospective customers, and lastly trade unions. This list is prioritized, the first one being the most important. They are prioritized according to the amount of interest and power they have on the organization. The stakeholders with high levels of power and interest must be managed closely and be kept satisfied. All these groups are affected by the organization’s decisions and they also have influence over these. The organization will also get support from all these stakeholders. Public will be supportive because decrease in pollution will directly benefit them. Senior executive will also supportive because through press, the company’s brand image will improve and because of this, the customers and potential customers will go for the company’s products. Lastly, we will try to understand these stakeholders and how they feel about the decision and the ethical issue. This can be done with the help of interviews and other means of communication. This understanding will help in more accurately prioritizing the stakeholders. Values identification The third step in the decision making process would be identification of the organizational values. Every organization has its own values. These values set standards according to which every individual in the organization must behave. If these standards are not set, everyone will behave according to their individual values which will disrupt the workplace’s environment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and understand the importance of these values. These values could include honesty, professionalism, teamwork, etc. These values differentiate between the right from wrong, therefore only once we have identified these values, we will be able to resolve organizational ethics issues. (National Defense University, 2006) These values will help us decide whether the issue unethical or not and if the actions of the organization are against the organization’s moral values. In our hypothetical situation, the organization will come together in order to identify its organizational values. The possible values that could be identified would be responsibility, accountability, and professionalism. The organization must realize its responsibility towards the society, be accountable for its actions and lastly be professional in the way they handle the issue at hand. Spreading of pollution by the organizations factories is unethical because it is against its ethical values. Issue resolution This includes compiling everything discussed in the first three steps to come up with a resolution which will resolve the issue. It will include a detailed solution which will cover all the aspects of the ethical issue. This is the most important step in the whole decision making process because this step outlines the complete strategic plan of the organization. After considering the issue, stakeholders and the moral values of the company, the next step is coming up with a resolution. The organization must firstly change its production process so that the pollution it is giving out can be limited. This will require a lot of capital. The Organization at this stage must decide on how this capital will raised. Also, another way of the getting rid of chemical waste that is dumped in rivers must be employed. Next, the organization should ensure that greener products are produced and recycled material should be used for packaging. It should involve the press, so that the community will know about this operation of the organization. Addressing objections The next step in decision making is one of the most difficult to handle as it involves understanding others. This step includes efficiently, powerfully, professionally and competently addressing objections to the decision or the resolution the organization has come up with. There are various groups that might object to this decision. It is the goal of the decision-makers to carefully listen and understand these objections and then addressing to them appropriately. This step is not over until the ones objecting are satisfied with the justification given to them. In our case, one important group that might object to this decision would be the senior executives or the investors who will have to provide for this new project. They might object because the capital required for this new project would be very high and they would want to be satisfied before they invest. These groups need to be assured that this project might cost a lot to the company, but in the long term, it will not only benefit the society but will also benefit the organization itself. Decreasing pollution will improve the brand image of the company which might increase its market share. Plus, in future, when the government will impose laws and taxes on giving out of pollution, the organization will benefit as they will be able to avoid it. They must be given confidence in their investment. Resolution implementation After all the five steps, one very important step is resolution implementation. The decision must be implemented in order for it to be effective. The organization officials can do so by arranging a meeting that will involve everyone working for the organization. Especially, those who are new to the organization must attend these. In this meeting, the resolution must be discussed with everyone in the organization. They must be told the drill and how the organization plans on tackling the situation. At this stage, suggestions from everyone from the organizations would be welcomed as these might help the organization to come up with a better decision. Along with this, the importance of it must be emphasized. It must be made clear that it is important to follow these guidelines at all times, otherwise serious measures will be taken against those who breech it. Finally, workers must be monitored and supervised to know if the ethical standards are being met. At the same times, the effectiveness of the measures introduced must also be checked. The workers could be given feedback on how they are doing keeping up with it, good or bad. They must be appreciated and a reward system must be developed if they manage to follow them. This will motivate them to follow the instructions without supervision in future. An ethics performance evaluation should be developed. This will look at how the organization has behaved. This would enable the organization to examine whether its actions and decisions are consistent with its purpose and moral values. (Miriam Schulman, 2008) Also training must be giving if it is required. Conclusion The new policy will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. However, on the other hand, it may cause dissent. It could be too hard to follow. This could lead to the workers being discouraged to perform even basic work. The reactions of the employees should be positive but it could be anything depending on the code. After all the discussion, the importance for an organization to meet ethical standards is very clear. Therefore, the organization must do all it takes to meet these standards before they make a decision. During decision making, an organization will greatly benefit if it follows a systematic procedure to develop these ethical standards by following the steps given above.