A Film Analysis Of An Inconvenient Truth Politics Essay

A Film Analysis Of An Inconvenient Truth Politics Essay The film chosen for the analysis is An Inconvenient Truth. This is a documentary film made in 2006, directed by Davis Guggenheim and presented by Al Gore, the former Vice-President of USA and a US presidential Candidate. The film deals about global warming and climate change and it presents and explains to the public a crisis that impacts and will impact us all. This film, although not a Canadian production, was chosen for several reasons. First climate change and global warming is a global issue, affecting all people on Earth, regardless of their nationality, religion or social status. It is also a Canadian issue because Canada is a part of this global community but it also a Canadian issue because of very specific environment in the north of this country. Also, Canada is one of the biggest polluters in the world and is ranked amongst the dirty dozen: the twelve biggest producers of greenhouse gases. Second, climate change has in the last couple of years become a very important poli tical issue. The issue of global warming and other environmental issues have been widely discussed in the Canadian press while the politicians have been increasingly debating this topic. Since the public awareness about the climate change has grown (partly because of this film!), Canadian voters have made the environment a very important, if not the most important issue in deciding which party to vote for. Third, climate change and global warming have been in the center of media attention because of Canadas recent withdrawal from the Kyoto protocol. Also the Conservative governments decision to develop a national plan for the reduction of the greenhouse emissions (instead of joining the international effort) additionally raised public attention Stephen Harpers government claims that the Kyoto commitment would be too disruptive to Canadas economy, and hence the change. Finally, the global warming theorists have responded to the documentary with their counter argument; some are good, and others are weak. The proposal of this essay is to attempt to present both sides; what is presented in the film documentary, how it is debunked by supporters of the global warming theory, and what information presented in the documentary and in the response can be debunked; and what is left after the debunking. What science remains after applying science to both arguments? The film follows Al Gores lectures to mass audiences on global warming and climate change. As Mr. Gore states himself, he has given the lecture a thousand times in cities all over the world. To an average person a retired politician giving a lecture on a complex science issue may seem like something that one would probably sleep through. Yet, Gore is very passionate on the subject; the lecture is very well conceived, prepared and presented. In the film the lecture is combined with dramatic images and facts thus giving it a feeling like a good action movie. Gore is eloquent, funny and entertaining. The facts are presented in a very simple yet extraordinarily effective manner. The lecture as well as the film is most likely aimed at people who know little about this issue. However, even those who believe to know a lot may still be in for several surprises. For example, I was shocked to find out that US cars couldnt be sold in China since they do not meet the Chinese environmental standa rds! In fact, Chinese mileage standards are better than the mileage standards in Canada. An Inconvenient Truth is an excellent film, primarily because it manages to get its message across. For the first time, global warming has become a mainstream issue and everybody is talking about it. Even those who criticize the film and call it a lie are nevertheless thinking about it and acting on it. The issues of global warming, climate change and their relationship with the increase of greenhouse gases are not new. In fact as Mr. Gore states in the film, the evidence that there is an increase in CO2 levels in the global atmosphere has been around since the early 1960s. Despite this fact a controversy around this issue arose in past decades. Some sources claimed that the increase in the concentration of green house gases is not a product of human activity at all but is rather a natural process. However, this controversy was not created by the scientific community. There is no doubt amongst scientists that the current global warming is caused by human activities. They have also pr esented a range of effects that we can expect to occur. The controversy is a political creation perpetrated by popular press. As Mr. Gore eloquently tells us, there is no controversy about these facts. Out of 925 recent articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals about global warming, 0% said that that the causes of global warming are uncertain. The success and the impact of the film can be attributed to many dramatic images that are used to show the effects of global warming and which the creators use to punctuate the facts they are presenting. A good example is a photograph of Mount Kilimanjaro in Kenya, Africa. The film begins and ends with image of the Earth, landscapes, seas, lakes and sunsets. The first photo is from the 1970 and then several follow up until 2005. Each show an increasing and alarming reduction of snow and ice at the peak of the mountain with the progression of time. On the last photograph there is hardly any snow. The emotional impact is heightened with dramatic images of New Orleans after the hurricane Katrina. The hurricane was directly linked to climate change and global warming because one of the effects of global warming are more severe storms. Another segment which was chosen to touch US viewers was the one in which Mr. Gore discusses the fate of certain low-lying regions in the worst-case event of melted icecaps raising the sea-level by twenty some feet. The film does a nice job also of giving some perspective to Mr. Gores passion. He talks openly and emotionally about his son being hit by a car at the age of six, and how thinking he was going to lose his beloved child made him reconsider his priorities and what he was doing with his life. The emotion of two other events in Mr. Gores life and how they inspired his environmental activism also come across in the film: his defeat in Florida to Bush, the death of his sister, a lifelong smoker, from lung cancer and the fact that his family farmed tobacco and didnt stop until after her death. However, these are very briefly covered but still are an important piece of the story. Furthermore, Mr. Gores presentation is very straightforward, simple and precise. He gives it flavour by adding jokes, literary quotes and by using a sleek, savvy and sophisticated power-point slide show. These details make up for the lack of literally any other person addressing the audience. Al Gore and the makers of this film go to great lengths to emphasize that the problem of global warming and the issues related to climate change as well as the urgency of the need to do something about it should not be political issues. To Mr. Gore this issue is so important and the potential consequences so dire that it is necessary to put aside all political differences and to go beyond politics. Yet in the film, the authors cannot help but criticize the Republican Party for their attitude towards the environment. The scenes in New Orleans after Katrina link the consequences of the current US Administrations lack of action against global warming with the Administrations failure to act and help the people of New Orleans after the hurricane. There is a scene in which two Republican Presidents are commenting on global warming as a non-issue, an attitude that seems ridiculous at best. To Mr. Gore global warming and its consequence go beyond politics and borders: it is a moral issue. If we do not do something to stop it we will be acting unethically. Nevertheless, he does not steer clear of politics. He compares our current attitude of doing almost nothing against global warming to the attitude of world powers in the 1930s while the Nazi were rising to power in Germany. Although it should not be a political issue because global warming is a fact and not an opinion or one partly or the other, nevertheless it is clear that it is now exactly a political issue. People are divided amongst two groups. In the first group are those who agree that global warming is taking place, that it is caused by human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and that it is causing dire consequences. In the second group are those who believe that the current global warming is a natural occurrence and that it is not caused by human activity and that therefore nothing needs to be done about it. The first group are usually liberal, environmentalists; the second group are people in the oil and automobile industry, conservatives, Republicans. Hence, in this way global warming and problems surrounding it actually become a political issue. Mr. Gore states in the documentary that he wants to reach as many people as possible one city at a time. However it is more likely that p eople who share views with him will be the ones that will watch the film. Those who oppose them, will not want to see it. Yet the film will also reach those that are undecided or more importantly know little or nothing about global warming. Some may know a little bit about global warming but be unaware of the far-reaching consequences it may have on the global climate. It is these people that the movie is targeting. The main message of the first movie is that global warming is real and is happening, that humans play a significant role in what is happening, and if we continue to neglect what is happening the future could bring catastrophe on a global scale. What Mr. Gore and the authors of the film are doing is simply offering up the growing mountain of scientific evidence that backs this argument to as many people as possible in a simple and approachable fashion. The idea of the film, much like the idea behind Mr. Gores lectures is to inform as many ordinary people as possible. Global warming has become a political issue, although as Mr. Gore argues it is an issue that goes beyond politics. The political aspect cannot be ignored particularly because of Mr. Gore political history and because the USA is currently all but ignoring the topic of global warming. The film documentary The Great Global Warming Swindle (2007), by director Martin Durkin, features some of the worlds and certainly the United States most highly credible and respected scientists in a discussion on global warming. The scientists are taking the position that global warming is occurring, but that it is more scientifically seen as the natural forces of nature as opposed to the man-made greenhouse gasses or CO2 put into the atmosphere by mankind. Their argument about global warming as a natural occurrence is compelling, and convincing. At the foundation of this argument, which has garnered great support, including celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio, and political force, like former Vice President Al Gore who has made a film about mans abuse of fossil fuels; is the notion that global warming is bringing about climate change that is responsible for everything from the melting of the icebergs at the north pole, to tidal waves and hurricanes (Gore, A., An Inconvenient Truth, 2006, motion-picture). In response to the allegations that mankind and, especially, that CO2 regardless of who put it into the air; mankind, plants, the residual of the decaying plant and life processes. A group of scientists, including highly respected Professor Tim Ball, of the University of Winnipeg; Professor Niv Shaviv, University of Jerusalem; Professor Ian Clark, University of Ottawa; Professor John Christy of the University of Alabama and lead author International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Professor Philip Stott, University of London; Professor Richard Lindzen, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and others from Harvard and other highly respected universities around the world. Have come together on film, loaded with scientific information which, if it does not refute mankinds responsibility for global warming, at least demonstrates that there is a lack of scientific evidence to support that contention. Because it is highly controversial, and because these scientists have taken the unpopular position of anti-CO2; they have now been called names like heretic and have even been the subjects of death threats because of their outspokenness. It is not, they emphasize, to be unpopular to contrary to a popular notion, but to refute bad science, they say, that they come together in this way to present the other side, the scientific side, of global warming that is not found in Al Gores very popular film on mankind generated global warming, An Inconvenient Truth (2006). Anytime a cause has the huge special interest of the environmentalists, responsible for preventing exploitation of fossil fuels in the pristine Alaskan range; and add to that mix the celebrity of Hollywood and the political clout of the man from whom the 2000 presidential election was stolen from, Al Gore, then you have an emotional, but highly powered, or fueled, group of advocates. It is not that their goal of alternative fuels is not an admirable goal; only, contend the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, that it is, at best, bad science, and, at worst, responsible for keeping the third world nations in the dark because of their support and influence in preventing development or industrialization in third world nations. Carbon dioxide, the scientists of The Great Global Warming Swindle, contend, has always had a fluctuating presence in the earths atmosphere, and that it is a relatively small amount in the atmosphere. The data, they contend, shows that there is a surface warming of a slight level, but no atmospheric warming. The recent warming of the earth, they contend, happened in the early part of the 20th century, and, if the CO2 theory were valid, it would be reflected in the data that shows that the most significant increase in human generated CO2. Professor Ian Clark has examined ice samples going back thousands of years, but that link between CO2 and the weather, but that the CO2 levels lag behind the temperature increase by 800 years. So when the temperature rises, behind it, consistent with historical data, the CO2 rises. The most fundamental assumption of climate changes because of CO2 is proven wrong, the scientists say. In fact, that the CO2 increases in the atmosphere is more easily proven scientifically to be consistent with global cooling, than global warming. Other natural bodies, like the oceans, are the source of CO2 than is the modern technology of mankind.The scientists say that the global warming, now, is a result of coming out of a mini-ice age, and that during that time, which predates modern civilization, the temperatures were much cooler than those times going back to the little medieval period, when in fact the temperatures were much higher than temperatures today, and during a period when mankind could not have had any responsibility for putting CO2 into the atmosphere. It is not, these scientists contend, CO2 that drives climate change. They do agree that climate change is occurring, that the global warming is occurring; but that it is more related to the activity of the sun, solar flares, solar winds that pass close to the earth, than mankinds generating CO2 into the atmosphere. It is important to understand that these scientists do not disagree that there is a need to find alternative fuel sources, or that environmental conscientiousness is a good thing; they do, however, adamantly maintain that they cannot stand back as scientists and allow to be put out as fact and good science, when in fact it is not.

Organizational Ethics Issue Resolution Paper Essay

This paper aims to describe an ethical issue and apply it to six ethical decision making steps namely issue clarification, stakeholder analysis, values identification, issue resolution, addressing objections and resolution implementation. Main Body The ethical issue that will be discussed is giving out unacceptable levels of air and water pollution during the production process by an organization’s factories. In order to effectively resolve the issue, the organization needs to change its production processes so that its social cost is not that high and at the same time the organization will profit from it. Issue Clarification The first step in resolution of organizational ethics issue is to properly defining the problem in detail and discussing it with all the related members of the organization. The definition must be clear, specific and based on the best available information. Then all the people who are getting affected by this issue must be identified. Once this is done, the consequences of this issue must be discussed in detail. Another very important matter that must be dealt with is information needs. This will help the organization understand the nature of the issue at hand. Lastly, the importance of solving this issue must be evaluated so that it can be given a priority. (Michigan State University Extension, 1994) In our case, the issue at hand is pollution. The company’s factories give out a lot of smoke in the atmosphere and also the rivers and canals around the factories are being contaminated by the dumping of chemical waste in them. Because of the rising problem of global warming, air pollution is an issue of great concern. The water from the rivers and canals around the factory is not usable any more. The dumping of chemical waste in the river waters has resulted in no clean water for the housing societies in the locality. After seeing all this, a lot of Non Government Organizations have suggested measures that will reduce the pollution that is given out. In addition to this, the government is also planning on imposing laws that will limit the amount of pollution that is given out. Organizations that give out pollution above the acceptable level will be heavily taxed. Those involved and who are affected include the people of the neighborhood, environmentalist, government and the society as a whole. Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis is a process in which the Stakeholders are defined and their importance in the whole decision making process is evaluated. Stakeholders are all those groups that will affect and get affected by an organization’s decisions. Examples include government, community, employees, shareholders etc. In order to resolve organizational ethics issue effectively, it is absolutely essential for an organization to win support from these groups. There are four steps to how this procedure must be carried out. First of all, your stakeholders must be identified. Secondly, you will prioritize them and next the organization will attempt to understand their most important stakeholders (MindTools, 2008). Lastly, all the support that we can get from these stakeholders will be assessed and ways to reduce opposition from some of them will also be considered. The stakeholders involved in our case will be the public, senior executives, press, government and non-government organizations, customers, prospective customers, and lastly trade unions. This list is prioritized, the first one being the most important. They are prioritized according to the amount of interest and power they have on the organization. The stakeholders with high levels of power and interest must be managed closely and be kept satisfied. All these groups are affected by the organization’s decisions and they also have influence over these. The organization will also get support from all these stakeholders. Public will be supportive because decrease in pollution will directly benefit them. Senior executive will also supportive because through press, the company’s brand image will improve and because of this, the customers and potential customers will go for the company’s products. Lastly, we will try to understand these stakeholders and how they feel about the decision and the ethical issue. This can be done with the help of interviews and other means of communication. This understanding will help in more accurately prioritizing the stakeholders. Values identification The third step in the decision making process would be identification of the organizational values. Every organization has its own values. These values set standards according to which every individual in the organization must behave. If these standards are not set, everyone will behave according to their individual values which will disrupt the workplace’s environment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and understand the importance of these values. These values could include honesty, professionalism, teamwork, etc. These values differentiate between the right from wrong, therefore only once we have identified these values, we will be able to resolve organizational ethics issues. (National Defense University, 2006) These values will help us decide whether the issue unethical or not and if the actions of the organization are against the organization’s moral values. In our hypothetical situation, the organization will come together in order to identify its organizational values. The possible values that could be identified would be responsibility, accountability, and professionalism. The organization must realize its responsibility towards the society, be accountable for its actions and lastly be professional in the way they handle the issue at hand. Spreading of pollution by the organizations factories is unethical because it is against its ethical values. Issue resolution This includes compiling everything discussed in the first three steps to come up with a resolution which will resolve the issue. It will include a detailed solution which will cover all the aspects of the ethical issue. This is the most important step in the whole decision making process because this step outlines the complete strategic plan of the organization. After considering the issue, stakeholders and the moral values of the company, the next step is coming up with a resolution. The organization must firstly change its production process so that the pollution it is giving out can be limited. This will require a lot of capital. The Organization at this stage must decide on how this capital will raised. Also, another way of the getting rid of chemical waste that is dumped in rivers must be employed. Next, the organization should ensure that greener products are produced and recycled material should be used for packaging. It should involve the press, so that the community will know about this operation of the organization. Addressing objections The next step in decision making is one of the most difficult to handle as it involves understanding others. This step includes efficiently, powerfully, professionally and competently addressing objections to the decision or the resolution the organization has come up with. There are various groups that might object to this decision. It is the goal of the decision-makers to carefully listen and understand these objections and then addressing to them appropriately. This step is not over until the ones objecting are satisfied with the justification given to them. In our case, one important group that might object to this decision would be the senior executives or the investors who will have to provide for this new project. They might object because the capital required for this new project would be very high and they would want to be satisfied before they invest. These groups need to be assured that this project might cost a lot to the company, but in the long term, it will not only benefit the society but will also benefit the organization itself. Decreasing pollution will improve the brand image of the company which might increase its market share. Plus, in future, when the government will impose laws and taxes on giving out of pollution, the organization will benefit as they will be able to avoid it. They must be given confidence in their investment. Resolution implementation After all the five steps, one very important step is resolution implementation. The decision must be implemented in order for it to be effective. The organization officials can do so by arranging a meeting that will involve everyone working for the organization. Especially, those who are new to the organization must attend these. In this meeting, the resolution must be discussed with everyone in the organization. They must be told the drill and how the organization plans on tackling the situation. At this stage, suggestions from everyone from the organizations would be welcomed as these might help the organization to come up with a better decision. Along with this, the importance of it must be emphasized. It must be made clear that it is important to follow these guidelines at all times, otherwise serious measures will be taken against those who breech it. Finally, workers must be monitored and supervised to know if the ethical standards are being met. At the same times, the effectiveness of the measures introduced must also be checked. The workers could be given feedback on how they are doing keeping up with it, good or bad. They must be appreciated and a reward system must be developed if they manage to follow them. This will motivate them to follow the instructions without supervision in future. An ethics performance evaluation should be developed. This will look at how the organization has behaved. This would enable the organization to examine whether its actions and decisions are consistent with its purpose and moral values. (Miriam Schulman, 2008) Also training must be giving if it is required. Conclusion The new policy will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. However, on the other hand, it may cause dissent. It could be too hard to follow. This could lead to the workers being discouraged to perform even basic work. The reactions of the employees should be positive but it could be anything depending on the code. After all the discussion, the importance for an organization to meet ethical standards is very clear. Therefore, the organization must do all it takes to meet these standards before they make a decision. During decision making, an organization will greatly benefit if it follows a systematic procedure to develop these ethical standards by following the steps given above.

Essay on Thomas Jeff. Outline - 947 Words

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In charge of post office, office for inventions and office of money nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;2. Set rules for weights and measure. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3. Established foreign relationsShow MoreRelatedMassive Open Online Courses1029 Words   |  5 PagesKrause, Alan Levine, Charles Lowe, Hamish Macleod, Ben McCorkle, Jennifer Michaels, James E. Porter, Alexander Reid, Jeff Rice, Jen Ross, Bob Samuels, Cynthia L. Selfe, Christine Sinclair, Melissa Syapin, Edward M. White, Elizabeth D. Woodworth, and Heather Noel Young Dr Karen Head and Thomas Friedman. This essay attempts to compare and contrast the views of Dr Karen Head and Thomas Friedman in as far as the effectiveness of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is concerned. 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A Constitutional Amendment For Women Essay - 1795 Words

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In his 1974 speech to the U.N. General Assembly, Yasser...

In his 1974 speech to the U.N. General Assembly, Yasser Arafat said: â€Å"The difference between the revolutionary and the terrorist lies in the reason for which he fights†¦for the justice of the cause determines the right to struggle.† In this same speech, Arafat addresses the international community and provides commentary on a multitude of different subjects. He traces what he believes to be the positive and increasingly popular growth of the United Nations, mentioning the inclusion of three new member states: Guinea-Bissau, Bangladesh, and Grenada. This diversification of the UN membership, according to him, is an indicator of the general trend in the world at that time towards â€Å"freedom.† In this bit of tendentious logic, as one has†¦show more content†¦In Arafat’s case, then, terrorism is only a characteristic of the mature industrial â€Å"Western† state, whereas â€Å"revolutionary† nations have a duty-perhaps even a â₠¬Å"logically rational† one-to condemn â€Å"designs against peace,† herein supplanting the notion of â€Å"equality.† To be perfectly clear, Arafat is here intimating that the liberal-democratic standard by which â€Å"the West† most conspicuously identifies and is identified, must be upheld by â€Å"the West† outside of â€Å"the West,† and in relation to the rest of the world. I mean here to say that he is chiefly referring to ideals rather than praxes-i.e., such as the â€Å"preservation of universal peace† causing peoples to â€Å"live free of oppression,† over and above basic human decency, such as cordiality (an admittedly more concrete and well known concept.) This he obviously uses to leverage the international community, pointing to the legal ramifications of the UN Charter and the Universal

Comparison of American Education and Asian Eduction Free Essays

Joshua R Coleman Mrs. Kumler English 10 4-26-12 Comparison of American Education and Asian Education For many years, the United States has prided itself in producing the most intelligent people in the world. Much of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of American Education and Asian Eduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. ’s advances have been through the contributions of many brilliant scientists, doctors and other professionals. However, recent studies have shown that America is losing this advantage to many Asian countries including Japan and South Korea. American education has fallen short of the education found in the countries of Asia due to the lack of the competitive culture in America. To show the competitiveness of a nation one can look at a country’s population, average wages, and the amount of time spent in school. When compared to countries such as Japan and South Korea, the U. S. has a much higher population. However, it is not the total population that would make a nation competitive, but the amount of people living in a certain area. According to the National Census of 2011, there are over 300 million people in the United States living in the 3,537,422 sq. iles of the country (â€Å"Profile†). According to the U. S. Department of State, country of South Korea has a population of 48,754,657 people in its 38,023 sq. mi. To put the population of South Korea in comparison to the U. S. , imagine about one sixth of America’s population in side of the state of Indiana. The population of Japan consists of about 126,457,664 people living inside of its 145,902 sq. mi. The population density of Japan is about half of the United States’ popul ation inside of the state of California. The population density shows how many people are competing with each other for jobs and college acceptance. Since America has such a large amount of territory, the people are not as threatened with each other, thus lowering its competition levels. Americans were once thought of having the richest population in the world. In 2010 National Wage Index, the average wage was $41,673. 83. This beats the average wage in South Korea, which is the equivalent of $33,000 U. S. dollars, yet loses to the citizens of Japan, who make the equivalent of $46,800 U. S. dollars (â€Å"2012 Average Salary Survey†). The wages help us determine whether the average man has a well paying job, for him to get a well paying job, he would probably need a good education. The amount of time spent in the classroom also may improve the superiority of the students it produces. The average American student goes to school for 6. 5 hours a day, 180 days a year (O’Mara). In South Korea, the required amount of time for children to attend school is 220 days (Pellissier). In Japan a total of 240 days is required. Students must also pass an entry exam to get into high school, thereby increasing the level of competition even higher (â€Å"Daily Life†). The longer school year and the entry exams force a student to become more focused and competitive. South Korea, Japan, and the U. S. A. are part of the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), which â€Å"evaluate[s] education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students in participating countries/economies (PISA). † After the 2009 test scores were published, the U. S. fell below the average in the math section but remained only slightly above average in the reading portion of the test. Japan placed fourth in the mathematics section, and fifth in the reading section. South Korea, however, was the country that had the highest scoring in both mathematics and reading, ranking at the top of the list. These tests are proof that America is not producing the level of high scoring students as Asian Countries. This is yet another example of how a competitive culture can effect and improve an education system. From what the information suggests, the educational systems in Asian countries far exceed that of America. The level of competition in these countries plays a major factor in their success and will continue to allow only the best and brightest students to be selected in universities and jobs. If America is to retain her status as the world’s leading producer of brilliant minds, then it must somehow improve its educational systems in order to match not just the competition within her own borders, but across the globe. How to cite Comparison of American Education and Asian Eduction, Papers

Aboriginal Nursing Flinders Medical Centre

Question: Discuss about theAboriginal Nursingfor Flinders Medical Centre. Answer: Introduction This essay analyzes as well as discusses the perception of the cultural safety regarding aboriginal policy. The paper also assesses its significance as a way of developing and designing Government related policy and also delivery of services. This seeks to illustrate using different sources of literature in the assessment and the applicability of cultural safety in the context of Flinders Medical Centre. The main aim is to understand things that facilitate the hindrance of the indigenous participation in the decision making, another aim of this analysis is to understand those communities at risk and also the usefulness of particular programs which have been put in place to address the indigenous issues related to cultural safety (Couzos and Murra, 2008). While the focus is on the issue of the cultural safety, this paper has been broadened to also consider several other connected issues, as well as major determinants of the history of cultural safety. For instance, In Flinders Medical Center where I undertook my placement, Aboriginal people experienced social assimilation throughout the Medical Centre, leading to trauma which led to the loss of their cultural cohesion. The resultant policies undermined and still continue to undermine, the responsibility of the Aboriginal individuals within the healthcare sector and their own treatment. Therefore, this paper will critique Flinders Medical organisation at which I undertook a placement for elements of cultural safety and principles of primary healthcare (Brown,et al. 2005) It is an assumption that individual understands their values because it helps in knowing the relationships with employers, co-workers and clients. The most significant thing is a persons ability of identifying those values that are of importance to him/her. For example, being conscience of values helps us to: keep asking ourselves why we always do things we do, Identification of the consequences of other peoples actions as well as ours and also consider other options which are better. Having knowledge of your values is not enough, but also you should understand that values underpin beliefs and those beliefs underpin your behavior. However, we should behave in a manner that our beliefs reflect our values. In the context of cultural safety of the aboriginal people at Flinders Medical Centre, there are unsafe practices that have affected the values and beliefs of such indigenous people (Maddocks and Rayner, 2003) such unsafe practices have been defined to mean any particular action that demeanor, diminish the cultural well-being and identity of individuals. As the definition suggests, cultural safety applies to areas such as service and government policies. In this particular scenario, the idea of cultural safety is a potential aspect in developing and delivering of services and policies in relation to indigenous people. The status of indigenous people at Flinders Medical Centre can be synopsized as follows: The health status of indigenous persons and their participation in decision making at Flinders Medical care is poor when compared to other healthcare organisation such as Aboriginal-controlled health services. At Flinders Medical Centre, there is a large gap between the ingenious and the healthcare providers. The estimated gap is approximately 17years between the non-indigenous and indigenous life expectation and decision making at Flinders Medical Care. For instance, the lack of participation in decision making by the indigenous persons at Flinders Medical Care has resulted to the increase in death rates where the death rate is twice compared to no-indigenous people. In terms of cultural safety and principles of primary health care, indigenous persons do not have equal accessibility to healthcare services because of their lack of participation in decision making at Flinders Medical Care. The indigenous are at risk of being exposed to environmental health and behavioral risk due to their disadvantaged experience I terms of social-economic. The indigenous at Flinders Medical Care do not easily have an access to primary healthcare because of their lack in participation in decision making. The Flinders Medical Centre never undertook any little progress to reduce this gap of inequality between the ingenious and the non-ingenious, for example when relating to long term objectives like life expectance. Their lack of participation in the decision making when it comes to cultural safety and primary healthcare have affected reduced their life expectance this because some of them have died with the diseases which could have been treated if only they shared it to the health professionals at Flinders. As much as there has been an improvement in terms of primary healthcare for indigenous at in terms of cultural safety at Flinders Medical Centre, such improvement never matched with the rapid health received by the general population at Flinders Medical Centre. For instance, when the death rate of both the indigenous and the general population, that of the general population reduced whereas that of indigenous persons appear not to have made any significance in the reduction of death rates in terms of cardiovascular disease over the period I undertook placement at Flinders Medical Centre (Morgan,Slade and Morgan, 1997) The scope of the issues currently experienced by the indigenous people at Flinders Medical Healthcare, this means that the issues are expected to increase since there is no participation in decision making which can help in the reduction of such issues. For there to be an increase in the participation in the decision making at Flinders Medical Centre, there will be a requirement in significance increase in programs and services just to keep the pace in the maintenance of the status quo, hence resulting in the reduction of inequality in the healthcare sectors. The inequality experienced by the indigenous people at Flinders Medical Centre such as lack of participation in decision making is linked to the systematic discrimination. In history, the indigenous never had the same chance to be healthy compared to non-indigenous (Browne and Varcoe, 2006) This was shown at Flinders Medical Centre, where the aboriginal people were not accessible to health care services, including cultural safety and primary healthcare. They were not exposed to good infrastructure. These health inequities have been described by Physicians at Australia College as Both systematic and Avoidable. This has remained fully addressed and it is a barrier to the enjoyment of social cultural safety and primary health. Hindrance to Indigenous Participation in the Health Decision-Making There are several things that hinder indigenous participation in the health decision making at Flinders Medical Centre (Barratt, 2008). These hindrances in the decision making include the following: Training is essential when it comes to the participation in the decision making, but there is existence of limited training at Flinders Medical Centre both for the practicing clinicians and the students who are under placement. Shared in the decision making at any particular Medical Centre, is dependent on those clinicians who have access to evidence of high-quality, which is already synthesized. This can be helped by decision support tools, but these tools only assist the minority of the healthcare decision makers, this is because they vary in quality, scattered and also difficult to access. This has also affected the indigenous people at Flinders Medical Centre in terms of participation in the decision making. Sharing in the making of the decision in terms of cultural safety and primary health is important especially for the health of indigenous people, but there have been challenges at Flinders Medical Centre due to availability of less research that enhance implementation in that particular area (Durey, 2010) Flinders Medical Center is considerably lagging behind in terms of indigenous participation in the health care decision making as compared to other health care sectors such as Aboriginal-controlled health services. There is a lot of discrimination of the indigenous people at Flinders Medical Centre; this discrimination hinders indigenous people in the participation in decision making. This is because there is absence of coordination within the health care sector. This healthcare centre (Flinders Medical Centre) is supposed to encourage clinicians to start incorporating the idea of indigenous people to participate in the health decision making. But it has failed in that particular area because of their discrimination towards indigenous people. In order to facilitate the idea of shared decision making, Flinders Medical Centre should urgently start to prioritize and plan to ensure that shared decision making is a reality at Flinders Medical Centre (Berryman, et al. 2013). Another thing that hinders shared decision making at Flinders Medical Centre, is the aspect of discrimination of the indigenous people. This has widened the gap between the healthcare providers and the Aboriginal Persons, this kind of behavioral discrimination has affected the values and beliefs of the Aboriginal persons because they see themselves as less fortunate and this contribute to their suffering in terms of cultural safety and primary healthcare. The Aboriginal-Controlled Health Services Aboriginal people at the Aboriginal-controlled health services get involved in decision making than those Flinders Medical Centre who do not take part in decision making. Therefore, there is a bigger difference between the two healthcare centres. There are aspects that make Aboriginal-controlled health services more suitable in terms of decision making as compared to Flinders Medical Centres. These aspects include; There is a developed program by the commission at Aboriginal-controlled health services; this program is supportive to aboriginal patients by involving them in the decision making (Walker Jane and Dewar, 2001) This program ensures reduction of unwarranted health services and also appropriateness at the health care. The patients and clinicians at Aboriginal healthcare services make decisions together regarding patients management unlike Flinders Medical Centre, only the non-indigenous people are allowed to get involved in the decision making. The aboriginal healthcare centre in partnership with the aboriginal people, they are encouraged to understand the available screening processes, management options and also communicate preferences and help in the selection of an action that is best suited (Curran et al.2008) Medical Education Network signed a contract with National Aboriginal Controlled Health Organisation which sought to increase placement for the Aboriginal Students, this helped to increase participation in healthcare services resulting to involvement in decision making. Unlike at Flinders Medical Centre where non-indigenous people were the only people allowed to participate in decision making (Ben-Tovim et al. 2008). At Aboriginal Healthcare Services there is the idea of involving aboriginal people in decision making whereby the works are trained and the introduction of Aboriginal health worker has helped in the standardization of the quality of the work force (Martin and Kipling, 2006). This has resulted to a greater impact in the healthcare decision making. Access to services at Aboriginal HealthCare Center has been made easier both the workers and the Aboriginal people because people have been exposed to information which helped them to get involved in the decision making (Stiggelbout et al 2012). Unlike at Flinders Medical Centre where non-indigenous people are ones who get involved in the healthcare decision making. Finding The researchers have argued that shared decision making in any healthcare sector increases interest of the patients in the participation in making decisions in terms of prevention and controlling of diseases unlike where there is no shared decision making in health centres such as Flinders Medical Centre, the people are not willing to share issues hence they get affected negatively. The most current research indicates that participation in decision making increase interest to policy makers to cooperate with the healthcare sectors and patients in sorting out issues that are shared. But where there no involvement of people such as Aboriginal people in the decision making, there is a likelihood of people suffering and dying with the diseases because they fear sharing out their suffering. Shared decision making improves satisfaction among the aboriginal people (Edwards, A. and Elwyn, 2009) this leads to pro vision of better quality in terms of services in the healthcare sectors. For instance in Queensland, tobacco users has remained 49%, 70% are obese, 25% have got hypertension and those who have diabetic mellitus are 18%. These problems when shared among the healthcare providers, there is a likelihood of reduction of this problems because proper decision may be made to eradicate such problems. There was an improvement in the provision of healthcare services at Aboriginal Health Services as compared to Flinders Medical Centre because, Aboriginal people were involved in the making of the decisions at Aboriginal Health Services, this heightened the services at that particular health centre because after being involved in decision making action was taken as per issues raised (Elwyn et al.2012). Unlike at Flinders Medical Centre the Aboriginal People never participated in the decision making hence resulting to the provision poor health care services. Conclusion In conclusion, shared decision making is one of the key players when it comes to both the indigenous and non-indigenous people. Allowing aboriginal people to participate in decision making at the healthcare sectors improves their health and help them take responsibility in action (Heisler, et al. 2002). Setting up frame works to underpin change to a healthy community should be the objectives of the healthcare sectors. Therefore, the healthcare systems should continue to support aboriginal people to participate in the healthcare decision making. References Barratt, A., 2008. Evidence based medicine and shared decision making: the challenge of getting both evidence and preferences into health care. Patient education and counseling, 73(3), pp.407-412. Ben-Tovim, D.I., Bassham, J.E., Bennett, D.M., Dougherty, M.L., Martin, M.A., O'Neill, S.J., Sincock, J.L. and Szwarcbord, M.G., 2008. Redesigning care at the Flinders Medical Centre: clinical process redesign using" lean thinking". Medical Journal of Australia, 188(6), p.S27. Berryman, C., Sweet, L., Wearne, S. and Greenhill, J., 2013. Developing symbiotic clinical educators: Using program logic to evaluate a clinical education course. Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 13(2), p.31. Brown, J., Higgitt, N., Wingert, S., Miller, C. and Morrissette, L., 2005. Challenges faced by Aboriginal youth in the inner city. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(1), p.81. Browne, A.J. and Varcoe, C., 2006. Critical cultural perspectives and health care involving Aboriginal peoples. Contemporary Nurse, 22(2), pp.155-168. Couzos, S. and Murray, R., 2008. Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based approach. Oxford University Press. Curran, V., Solberg, S., LeFort, S., Fleet, L. and Hollett, A., 2008. A responsive evaluation of an Aboriginal nursing education access program. Nurse Educator, 33(1), pp.13-17. Durey, A., 2010. Reducing racism in Aboriginal health care in Australia: where does cultural education fit?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(s1), pp.S87-S92. Edwards, A. and Elwyn, G., 2009. Shared decision-making in health care: Achieving evidence-based patient choice. Oxford University Press. Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., Cording, E., Tomson, D., Dodd, C., Rollnick, S. and Edwards, A., 2012. Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. Journal of general internal medicine, 27(10), pp.1361-1367. Heisler, M., Bouknight, R.R., Hayward, R.A., Smith, D.M. and Kerr, E.A., 2002. The relative importance of physician communication, participatory decision making, and patient understanding in diabetes self?management. Journal of general internal medicine, 17(4), pp.243-252. Maddocks, I. and Rayner, R.G., 2003. Issues in palliative care for Indigenous communities. Medical journal of Australia, 179(6), p.S17. Martin, D.E. and Kipling, A., 2006. Factors shaping Aboriginal nursing students experiences. Nurse Education in Practice, 6(6), pp.380-388. Morgan, D.L., Slade, M.D. and Morgan, C., 1997. Aboriginal philosophy and its impact on health care outcomes. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 21(6), pp.597-601. Stiggelbout, A.M., Van der Weijden, T., De Wit, M.P., Frosch, D., Lgar, F., Montori, V.M., Trevena, L. and Elwyn, G., 2012. Shared decision making: really putting patients at the centre of healthcare. Bmj, 344(S 28). Walker, E. and Jane Dewar, B., 2001. How do we facilitate carers involvement in decision making?. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(3), pp.329-337.